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The human factor in licensing and operating the next generation of nuclear plants
As human factors specialists working at the intersection of human performance and nuclear operations, we are witnessing one of the nuclear sector’s most significant transitions in decades. The emergence of small modular reactors, microreactors, and other advanced designs is reshaping the industry’s landscape. Digital instrumentation and controls, passive safety systems, and increased automation are creating opportunities for greater safety margins and more flexible operation. These same features also fundamentally redefine what it means to “operate” a nuclear plant. Interactions among human roles, automation, and passive systems shape how people maintain awareness, exercise judgment, and intervene when necessary. These developments affect both operational realities and the regulatory foundations on which nuclear safety is built.
Taisuke Yonomoto, Masaya Kondo, Yutaka Kukita, L. Scott Ghan,, Richard R. Schultz
Nuclear Technology | Volume 119 | Number 2 | August 1997 | Pages 112-122
Technical Paper | Nuclear Reactor Safety | doi.org/10.13182/NT97-A35380
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Integral experiments simulating small-break loss-of-coolant accidents in the Westinghouse AP600 reactor are conducted using the ROSA-V large-scale test facility. These experiments show that the core makeup tank (CMT) behavior can be divided into two phases: the natural-circulation and the drain phases. The natural-circulation phase between the CMT and the rest of the primary is established immediately after the opening of the valve in the discharge line. The hot water from the primary, through the pressure balance line (PBL), accumulates in the top of the CMT, forming a clear thermal stratification above the cold initial inventory of the CMT. The drain phase is initiated by flashing in the CMT for break diameters ≤1 in. and by a gaseous flow from the primary for break diameters ≥2 in. Interactions between the CMT and the other safety components are observed: The CMT discharge rate is decreased by accumulator injection and is increased by actuation of the automatic depressurization system. When the PBL is empty of liquid, the CMT drain rate is approximately given by the free gravitational drain rate, irrespective of the flow direction in the PBL.