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The human factor in licensing and operating the next generation of nuclear plants
As human factors specialists working at the intersection of human performance and nuclear operations, we are witnessing one of the nuclear sector’s most significant transitions in decades. The emergence of small modular reactors, microreactors, and other advanced designs is reshaping the industry’s landscape. Digital instrumentation and controls, passive safety systems, and increased automation are creating opportunities for greater safety margins and more flexible operation. These same features also fundamentally redefine what it means to “operate” a nuclear plant. Interactions among human roles, automation, and passive systems shape how people maintain awareness, exercise judgment, and intervene when necessary. These developments affect both operational realities and the regulatory foundations on which nuclear safety is built.
Kazuya Idemitsu, Ken-ichiro Kuwata, Hirotaka Furuya, Yaohiro Inagaki, Tatsumi Arima
Nuclear Technology | Volume 118 | Number 3 | June 1997 | Pages 233-241
Technical Paper | Radioactive Waste Management | doi.org/10.13182/NT97-A35364
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Diffusivities of cesium in a water-saturated mortar were measured in an attempt to investigate the migration of radionuclides into the matrix of the mortar. The measured penetration profiles of the tracer were composed of two parts. There was a steep slope near the surface and a gradual slope in the mortar interior. This kind of profile has been reported by many researchers. This profile was successfully explained by considering two diffusion paths in the mortar. One diffusion path was through fissures with a width of a few microns, and the other was through the intact mortar network of submicron pores. This model was supported by autoradiography of some cross sections of a mortar specimen. The volume of submicron pores was ∼95% of the total pore volume in the mortar. The order-of-magnitude values for the apparent diffusivities for cesium were 10−2 m2/s through the fissure and 10−14 m2/s through the network of pores. The effective diffusion coefficient for cesium was estimated at ∼10−13 m2/s by using the apparent diffusivities through the fissures, the aperture of the fissures, and the fissure interval. Geometric factors in the two paths were also estimated by using the apparent diffusivity and diffusion coefficients for free ions; they were estimated at ∼0.13 for fissures and ∼0.01 for the mortar matrix. This model was applied to other researchers’ data to estimate the effective diffusion coefficient. This model and estimation method show the consistency of the data from through-diffusion and penetration experiments.