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The human factor in licensing and operating the next generation of nuclear plants
As human factors specialists working at the intersection of human performance and nuclear operations, we are witnessing one of the nuclear sector’s most significant transitions in decades. The emergence of small modular reactors, microreactors, and other advanced designs is reshaping the industry’s landscape. Digital instrumentation and controls, passive safety systems, and increased automation are creating opportunities for greater safety margins and more flexible operation. These same features also fundamentally redefine what it means to “operate” a nuclear plant. Interactions among human roles, automation, and passive systems shape how people maintain awareness, exercise judgment, and intervene when necessary. These developments affect both operational realities and the regulatory foundations on which nuclear safety is built.
Freddie J. Davis, Jr., Yassin A. Hassan
Nuclear Technology | Volume 106 | Number 1 | April 1994 | Pages 83-99
Technical Paper | Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow | doi.org/10.13182/NT94-A34951
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
A major concern in the nuclear power industry is failure of the steam generator tubes. Failure of the tubes necessitates the plugging of the failed tubes with the result that nuclear plants are forced to operate at lower, or derated, power levels after expensive repairs. Turbulence-induced vibration is a primary cause of premature and accelerated fretting and wear of the steam generator tubes. An alternative unsteady analysis method for incompressible fluid flow problems is demonstrated. The approach employs large eddy simulation (LES) in conjunction with the finite element method (FEM). A segregated solution technique, solving for each field variable at all nodes, diminishes storage requirements by eliminating the need to solve the globally assembled finite element matrix. A direct benefit is that finer nodalizations can be employed. Equal-order quadrilateral elements are used to facilitate the segregated solution algorithm. The solution scheme is accurate to higher order to mitigate the effects of numerical diffusion in the advection terms. The Smagorinsky-type closure model for the sub-grid scale turbulence is used. The model is easily implemented into this algorithm. This combination of FEM and LES is unique. The time-dependent terms are explicitly treated. The time history of a steam generator tube bundle experiment is studied. The results show the applicability of FEM/ LES and determine the prospects for further development of this methodology.