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The human factor in licensing and operating the next generation of nuclear plants
As human factors specialists working at the intersection of human performance and nuclear operations, we are witnessing one of the nuclear sector’s most significant transitions in decades. The emergence of small modular reactors, microreactors, and other advanced designs is reshaping the industry’s landscape. Digital instrumentation and controls, passive safety systems, and increased automation are creating opportunities for greater safety margins and more flexible operation. These same features also fundamentally redefine what it means to “operate” a nuclear plant. Interactions among human roles, automation, and passive systems shape how people maintain awareness, exercise judgment, and intervene when necessary. These developments affect both operational realities and the regulatory foundations on which nuclear safety is built.
Wolfgang Hering, Kazuo Minato, Fumihisa Nagase
Nuclear Technology | Volume 102 | Number 1 | April 1993 | Pages 100-115
Technical Paper | Mixed-Oxide Fuel / Nuclear Reactor Safety | doi.org/10.13182/NT93-A34806
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
At Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe, out-of-pile bundle experiments are performed in the CORA facility to investigate the behavior of light water reactor fuel elements during severe fuel damage accidents. To analyze the phenomena observed during the tests, such as cladding failure, oxidation, and deformation, as well as their influence on the posttest bundle state, four pressurized water reactor specific tests are selected: CORA-2, CORA-3, CORA-5, and CORA-12. From each of these tests, a detailed global analysis using all the measured temperatures, pressures, and fluid compositions as well as videoscope information has been performed. To describe the posttest bundle state quantitatively, axial profiles of the bundle cross-section area, the damage state of the rods, the average cladding oxidation, and the damage to the pellets are measured. The effects of CORA-specific components on the bundle melt progression and the measured axial profiles are identified and assessed. Most of the observations during the tests as well as the posttest bundle state can be explained by the established common sequence of phenomena. For a better understanding of the melt progression, some physical phenomena, such as the energy release associated with the double-sided oxidation of the cladding, the melt release, or the melt relocation, must be analyzed in detail.