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The human factor in licensing and operating the next generation of nuclear plants
As human factors specialists working at the intersection of human performance and nuclear operations, we are witnessing one of the nuclear sector’s most significant transitions in decades. The emergence of small modular reactors, microreactors, and other advanced designs is reshaping the industry’s landscape. Digital instrumentation and controls, passive safety systems, and increased automation are creating opportunities for greater safety margins and more flexible operation. These same features also fundamentally redefine what it means to “operate” a nuclear plant. Interactions among human roles, automation, and passive systems shape how people maintain awareness, exercise judgment, and intervene when necessary. These developments affect both operational realities and the regulatory foundations on which nuclear safety is built.
Antonio F. Dias, Laurance D. Eisenhart, Diane M. Bell, Terry J. Garrett, Glenn J. Neises, Lance J. Agee
Nuclear Technology | Volume 100 | Number 2 | November 1992 | Pages 193-202
Technical Paper | Nuclear Reactor Safety | doi.org/10.13182/NT92-A34742
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The steamline break accident is one of several specified severe transients addressed in the final safety analysis report for any pressurized water reactor plant as part of the licensing procedure. A rupture in a main steamline in the secondary system causes a sudden cooling of the water in the corresponding primary loop. The cold water flowing into part of the core represents a positive reactivity insertion that must be contained by control rods, which are scrammed into the core almost immediately. Later in the scenario, soluble boron reaches the core from the emergency core cooling system. When simulating a steamline break accident during the licensing procedure, many conservative assumptions are added to the transient description. Historically, a steamline break analysis is performed with a system analysis code like RETRAN, using a rather simplified (point kinetics) description of the core. The three-dimensionality of the event within the core is accounted for by constant “blending factors,” which are used to calculate the evolving point kinetics parameters based on a simplistic cold and hot partition of the core. The ARROTTA-01 and VIPRE-02 computer codes are coupled to allow a detailed three-dimensional simulation of the reactor core during a steamline break event. The results show that a much milder transient is observed than when a point kinetics treatment was used. Test cases study the influence of different core modeling considerations on the overall simulation. The advent of very fast and extremely affordable computing machines (e.g., workstations) should cause the review of some of the simplified approaches initially adopted for many core simulations. More complex and detailed codes can now be routinely employed.