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INL reports findings on unusual quantum behavior of plutonium
Scientists at Idaho National Laboratory have discovered that plutonium hexaboride (PuB6) displays a type of unusual quantum property called a topological Kondo insulating state. Materials with this property are neither typical electricity conductors nor regular insulators. Rather, they have exterior surfaces that strongly conduct electricity and interiors that block electricity.
Mohamed Belhadj, Tunc Aldemir, Richard N. Christensen
Nuclear Technology | Volume 95 | Number 1 | July 1991 | Pages 95-102
Technical Paper | Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow | doi.org/10.13182/NT91-A34571
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Plate-type research reactor cores have involute or rectangular coolant channels with channel gap size in the range 2 ≤ d ≤ 5 mm. Heat transfer under fully developed nucleate boiling (FDNB) and low-velocity (<0.15 m/s) upward flow conditions is important in accident situations where core cooling may be by natural convection. Using data from previous experimental work with 2 ≤ d ≤ 4 mm rectangular channels, it is shown that (a) wall superheat (ΔTsat) in thin channels under FDNB decreases with increasing probability of bubble contact, (b) ΔTsat is a function of the bubble departure diameter Db as well as d, and (c) ΔTsat can be significantly overestimated by the FDNB correlations that are conventionally used in plate-type research reactor analysis but that are based on higher pressure and larger d flow data and that predict ΔTsat as a function of local channel heat flux and pressure only (e.g., as in the Jens-Lottes and Thom correlations). A new FDNB correlation is proposed that represents the bubble contact mechanism through the dimensionless number (d — cDb)/d, where c is a fitting parameter that accounts for the statistical aspects of bubble formation and contact. The ΔTsat predictions of the new correlation agree with the experimental data to within 16% and approach those obtained from the Jens-Lottes correlation with decreasing Db/d.