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The human factor in licensing and operating the next generation of nuclear plants
As human factors specialists working at the intersection of human performance and nuclear operations, we are witnessing one of the nuclear sector’s most significant transitions in decades. The emergence of small modular reactors, microreactors, and other advanced designs is reshaping the industry’s landscape. Digital instrumentation and controls, passive safety systems, and increased automation are creating opportunities for greater safety margins and more flexible operation. These same features also fundamentally redefine what it means to “operate” a nuclear plant. Interactions among human roles, automation, and passive systems shape how people maintain awareness, exercise judgment, and intervene when necessary. These developments affect both operational realities and the regulatory foundations on which nuclear safety is built.
Jürgen Furrer, Walter Weinländer
Nuclear Technology | Volume 92 | Number 1 | October 1990 | Pages 66-76
Technical Paper | Development of Nuclear Gas Cleaning and Filtering Techniques / Radiation Biology and Environment | doi.org/10.13182/NT90-A34487
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
In a time of growing concern over the environmental impact from any industrial plant, the ideal goal of zero release has to be attempted. This also applies to the industrial reprocessing plant in Wackersdorf [Wiederaufarbeitungsanlage Wackersdorf (WAW)]. Regarding gaseous emissions, remarkable efforts have been made in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) to improve the off-gas cleaning systems. Significant results and operation experience from Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Wiederaufarbeitungsanlage Karlsruhe, and Pamela are presented. The design of off-gas trains for WAW is based on these results. It fulfills operational needs as well as the requirements imposed by FRG licensing authorities to minimize as far as possible any impact from emissions. Off-gas systems in reprocessing plants have to treat dry and humid gas streams and to separate aerosols and gaseous materials. Emissions will be minimized by improving the cleaning units of the off-gas lines and by decreasing the total amount of off-gas or of special constituents. Both measurements are presented, and the decontamination factors achieved are described. In this context, details are given of the behavior of some nuclides such as ruthenium and iodine. Finally, the emissions expected of WAW are indicated.