ANS is committed to advancing, fostering, and promoting the development and application of nuclear sciences and technologies to benefit society.
Explore the many uses for nuclear science and its impact on energy, the environment, healthcare, food, and more.
Explore membership for yourself or for your organization.
Conference Spotlight
2026 Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
August 24–27, 2026
Dallas, TX|Hilton Anatole
Latest Magazine Issues
Jul 2026
Jan 2026
2026
Latest Journal Issues
Nuclear Science and Engineering
September 2026
Nuclear Technology
August 2026
Fusion Science and Technology
Latest News
The human factor in licensing and operating the next generation of nuclear plants
As human factors specialists working at the intersection of human performance and nuclear operations, we are witnessing one of the nuclear sector’s most significant transitions in decades. The emergence of small modular reactors, microreactors, and other advanced designs is reshaping the industry’s landscape. Digital instrumentation and controls, passive safety systems, and increased automation are creating opportunities for greater safety margins and more flexible operation. These same features also fundamentally redefine what it means to “operate” a nuclear plant. Interactions among human roles, automation, and passive systems shape how people maintain awareness, exercise judgment, and intervene when necessary. These developments affect both operational realities and the regulatory foundations on which nuclear safety is built.
Yongsoo Hwang, P. L. Chambré, T. H. Pigford, W. W.-L. Lee
Nuclear Technology | Volume 90 | Number 2 | May 1990 | Pages 205-214
Technical Paper | Radioacitive Waste Management | doi.org/10.13182/NT90-A34415
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Salt is a candidate rock to host nuclear waste repositories in many countries. Brine exists in natural salt as inclusions in salt crystals and in grain boundaries. Brine inclusions in crystals move to nearby grain boundaries when subjected to a temperature gradient, because of the temperature-dependent solubility of salt. Brine in grain boundaries moves under the influence of a pressure gradient. Brine consolidates around high-level waste packages a few years after emplacement. Heated salt near the waste package expands against the waste package and surrounding salt, creating high compressive stresses near the waste package and resulting in pressure above the lithostatic pressure. Brine pressure increases because grain-boundary brine expands more than does the salt. This increased pressure gradient causes brine to flow outward into the cooler salt. Outward flow of brine relieves the pressure gradient on the fluid, which finally relaxes to near-lithostatic pressure. Outward brine movement can become a mechanism for radionuclide transport. To determine the extent to which advection by brine in grain boundaries is an important transport mechanism for released radionuclides, it is necessary to estimate the time-dependent migration of brine. The possible role of brine migration in radionuclide transport in a nuclear waste repository is studied. Mathematical derivation of the analysis is given, along with numerical illustrations using parameter values typical of a nuclear waste repository. For heat-emitting wastes and the parameters studied here, brine migration in salt is minuscule, of the order of micrometres per year, localized within a few metres from the waste package, and highly transient, fading away within a few years of waste emplacement.