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The human factor in licensing and operating the next generation of nuclear plants
As human factors specialists working at the intersection of human performance and nuclear operations, we are witnessing one of the nuclear sector’s most significant transitions in decades. The emergence of small modular reactors, microreactors, and other advanced designs is reshaping the industry’s landscape. Digital instrumentation and controls, passive safety systems, and increased automation are creating opportunities for greater safety margins and more flexible operation. These same features also fundamentally redefine what it means to “operate” a nuclear plant. Interactions among human roles, automation, and passive systems shape how people maintain awareness, exercise judgment, and intervene when necessary. These developments affect both operational realities and the regulatory foundations on which nuclear safety is built.
Jerry E. Dick, Vijay I. Nath, Erl Kohn, Thomas K. Min, Soedi Prawirosoehardjo
Nuclear Technology | Volume 90 | Number 2 | May 1990 | Pages 155-167
Technical Paper | Nuclear Safety | doi.org/10.13182/NT90-A34411
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The CANDU-6 nuclear reactor is a 600-MW(elec-tric) channel reactor in which natural uranium fuel is located in channels and surrounded by three separate water systems containing a total of ∼900 000 kg of water. Its four steam generators contain an additional 129000 kg of water. A recent study of a dominant core melt category indicates that this abundance of water effectively retards the melt progression and mitigates accident consequences. The inventory of all three water systems plus that of the steam generators must boil off before the core’s calandria vessel is breached. The steam produced from this boiloff vents to the containment atmosphere where it enhances passive heat removal on surfaces, promotes rapid aerosol settling by condensation on airborne particles, and reduces the concentration and flammability of the hydrogen generated. Breach of the calandria vessel allows molten core to enter a thick-walled concrete calandria vault. The resulting core/concrete reaction penetrates the calandria vault floor ∼2½ days after the beginning of the accident. Core debris, well diluted by decomposition products, then falls into an estimated 2 000 000 kg of water in the reactor basement. This water quenches and disperses the debris and essentially terminates the event sequence. Continuing decay heat is dissipated by minor steaming and by heat transfer through the basement floor and walls into the surrounding bedrock.