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The human factor in licensing and operating the next generation of nuclear plants
As human factors specialists working at the intersection of human performance and nuclear operations, we are witnessing one of the nuclear sector’s most significant transitions in decades. The emergence of small modular reactors, microreactors, and other advanced designs is reshaping the industry’s landscape. Digital instrumentation and controls, passive safety systems, and increased automation are creating opportunities for greater safety margins and more flexible operation. These same features also fundamentally redefine what it means to “operate” a nuclear plant. Interactions among human roles, automation, and passive systems shape how people maintain awareness, exercise judgment, and intervene when necessary. These developments affect both operational realities and the regulatory foundations on which nuclear safety is built.
Sudip S. Dosanjh
Nuclear Technology | Volume 88 | Number 1 | October 1989 | Pages 30-46
Technical Paper | Nuclear Safety | doi.org/10.13182/NT89-A34334
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
During severe light water reactor accidents like Three Mile Island Unit 2, the fuel rods can fragment and thus convert the reactor core into a large particle bed. The postdryout meltdown of such debris beds is examined. A two-dimensional model that considers the presence of oxidic (UO2 and ZrO2) as well as metallic (e.g., zirconium) constituents is developed. Key results are that (a) a dense metallic crust is created near the bottom of the bed as molten materials flow downward and freeze; (b) liquid accumulates above the blockage and if zirconium is present, the pool grows rapidly as molten zirconium dissolves both UO2 and ZrO2 particles; (c) if the melt wets the solid, a fraction of the melt flows radially outward under the action of capillary forces and freezes near the radial boundary; (d) in a non wetting system, all of the melt flows into the bottom of the bed; and (e) when zirconium and iron are in intimate contact and the zirconium metal atomic fraction is >0.33, these metals can liquefy and flow out of the bed very early in the meltdown sequence.