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The human factor in licensing and operating the next generation of nuclear plants
As human factors specialists working at the intersection of human performance and nuclear operations, we are witnessing one of the nuclear sector’s most significant transitions in decades. The emergence of small modular reactors, microreactors, and other advanced designs is reshaping the industry’s landscape. Digital instrumentation and controls, passive safety systems, and increased automation are creating opportunities for greater safety margins and more flexible operation. These same features also fundamentally redefine what it means to “operate” a nuclear plant. Interactions among human roles, automation, and passive systems shape how people maintain awareness, exercise judgment, and intervene when necessary. These developments affect both operational realities and the regulatory foundations on which nuclear safety is built.
Donald G. Schweitzer, Cesar A. Sastre
Nuclear Technology | Volume 86 | Number 3 | September 1989 | Pages 305-312
Technical Paper | Radioactive Waste Management | doi.org/10.13182/NT89-A34298
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
At present, only one concept, the Swedish design utilizing a thick-walled copper waste package, has been accepted as being capable of isolating high-level waste for hundreds of thousands of years in a granite-type repository. Theoretical arguments show that after the relatively short times required for salt consolidation selfshielded thin-walled copper waste packages have no significant failure or degradation reactions in anoxic neutral and acid brines. Thermodynamic analyses of reactions after consolidation (constant-volume reactions under lithostatic pressures in the absence of oxygen) show that miniscule amounts of metal reacting with brine can produce very large hydrogen pressures. For copper waste packages, almost no consumption of copper is required to produce the small equilibrium hydrogen pressure needed to prevent reaction. Reaction under these conditions no longer depends on poorly understood corrosion mechanisms, but results from hypothetical mechanisms that allow the equilibrium hydrogen to migrate away from the waste package. Analyses of gamma radiolysis and diffusion processes show that in an array of thousands of waste packages removal of hydrogen from the outer packages should be negligible for a properly selected salt repository.