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The human factor in licensing and operating the next generation of nuclear plants
As human factors specialists working at the intersection of human performance and nuclear operations, we are witnessing one of the nuclear sector’s most significant transitions in decades. The emergence of small modular reactors, microreactors, and other advanced designs is reshaping the industry’s landscape. Digital instrumentation and controls, passive safety systems, and increased automation are creating opportunities for greater safety margins and more flexible operation. These same features also fundamentally redefine what it means to “operate” a nuclear plant. Interactions among human roles, automation, and passive systems shape how people maintain awareness, exercise judgment, and intervene when necessary. These developments affect both operational realities and the regulatory foundations on which nuclear safety is built.
Russell D. Mosteller, Peter J. Jensen, Michael J. Anderson,+ Laurance D. Eisenhart, Rana Abdollahian, Jason Chao, Walter J. Eich
Nuclear Technology | Volume 86 | Number 1 | July 1989 | Pages 40-48
Technical Paper | Nuclear Safety | doi.org/10.13182/NT89-A34280
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
A pressurized water reactor (PWR) with a positive moderator temperature coefficient of reactivity is potentially susceptible to a severe overheating transient. This study identifies a scenario in which such a transient could occur and is similar in some respects to the accident at Chernobyl Unit 4. The scenario so identified is a natural circulation test at beginning of life under the assumption that all scrams are disabled. The results obtained demonstrate that a runaway power excursion does not occur and that the domestically designed PWR that was analyzed displays inherently safe behavior for the chosen scenario. The analysis is performed using two codes in tandem over three sequential stages of the analysis. Since the transient is assumed to be quasi-steady-state, steadystate calculations first are performed with the advanced three-dimensional core simulation code ARROTTA to generate a moderator reactivity table for input to the point kinetics model in the RETRAN-02 systems transient code. The entries in this table are taken directly from ARROTTA results, so they implicitly contain three-dimensional reactivity effects. Next, a RETRAN-02 transient analysis is performed for the system as a whole. This analysis serves two purposes: It predicts the overall behavior of the plant during the transient, and it also produces time-dependent forcing functions for ARROTTA. Finally, ARROTTA is run in a transient mode, providing a detailed description of the behavior of the core during the transient. The high level of consistency produced by the two transient calculations validates the initial assumption of quasisteady-state behavior. A methodology that may be applied to the analysis of this and similar transients is developed and tested as part of this study.