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The human factor in licensing and operating the next generation of nuclear plants
As human factors specialists working at the intersection of human performance and nuclear operations, we are witnessing one of the nuclear sector’s most significant transitions in decades. The emergence of small modular reactors, microreactors, and other advanced designs is reshaping the industry’s landscape. Digital instrumentation and controls, passive safety systems, and increased automation are creating opportunities for greater safety margins and more flexible operation. These same features also fundamentally redefine what it means to “operate” a nuclear plant. Interactions among human roles, automation, and passive systems shape how people maintain awareness, exercise judgment, and intervene when necessary. These developments affect both operational realities and the regulatory foundations on which nuclear safety is built.
Laurent Cantrel, Elisabeth Krausmann
Nuclear Technology | Volume 144 | Number 1 | October 2003 | Pages 1-15
Technical Paper | Reactor Safety | doi.org/10.13182/NT03-A3425
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Radioiodine entering the containment from the postaccident primary circuit in vapor or gaseous form, as observed in the Phebus FPT0 and FPT1 tests, has a direct impact on the source term evaluation. State-of-the-art fission-product transport codes based on the assumption of thermochemical equilibrium failed to predict this phenomenon. In this work the standard approach of assuming the instantaneous establishment of thermochemical equilibrium is questioned and it will be argued that kinetic limitations may have existed under the severe-accident boundary conditions of the FPT0 and FPT1 tests. To this end a simple monodimensional transport model was developed in an attempt at introducing kinetic aspects within the primary circuit. A number of homogeneous gas-phase reactions between selected fission products and structural materials, complemented by condensation reactions, underlies the kinetic model. In the absence of experimental data, the kinetic constants were estimated using the transition-state theory or semi-empirical methods. The kinetic model was then applied to the analysis of Phebus FPT0 and FPT1 yielding a satisfactory agreement between experimental data and model predictions.