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The human factor in licensing and operating the next generation of nuclear plants
As human factors specialists working at the intersection of human performance and nuclear operations, we are witnessing one of the nuclear sector’s most significant transitions in decades. The emergence of small modular reactors, microreactors, and other advanced designs is reshaping the industry’s landscape. Digital instrumentation and controls, passive safety systems, and increased automation are creating opportunities for greater safety margins and more flexible operation. These same features also fundamentally redefine what it means to “operate” a nuclear plant. Interactions among human roles, automation, and passive systems shape how people maintain awareness, exercise judgment, and intervene when necessary. These developments affect both operational realities and the regulatory foundations on which nuclear safety is built.
Kazuhiko Akamine, K. J. Hofstetter, V. F. Baston
Nuclear Technology | Volume 84 | Number 2 | February 1989 | Pages 152-168
Technical Paper | Nuclear Safety | doi.org/10.13182/NT89-A34184
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
On commencing defueling operations in the Three Mile Island Unit 2 (TMI-2) reactor vessel damaged core region, the defueling water cleanup system (DWCS) encountered rapid plugging of its filter media. Characterization of the suspended material was an important task in resolving DWCS filtration difficulties. The characterization of the suspended material involved laboratory analyses of reactor vessel coolant samples collected from May through November 1986. The results of these characterizations indicated that the major elements present in the suspended particles were silver, aluminum, cadmium, iron, indium, silicon, uranium, and zirconium, all of which correspond to the five known source terms in the TMI-2 reactor vessel (control rod alloy, zeolite, diatomaceous earth, steel, fuel, and Zircaloy cladding). The particle analysis data indicate that the majority of particles were <5 µm and many of these suspended particles existed as colloidal particles; hence, these particulates are believed to have been the principal basis for filter plugging. In addition, based on these characterization data and data from previous analyses of reactor components, it was postulated that some mass fraction of the liquefied control rod alloy formed aerosols from mechanical formation due to high-velocity gas interaction with the moving liquid alloy.