ANS is committed to advancing, fostering, and promoting the development and application of nuclear sciences and technologies to benefit society.
Explore the many uses for nuclear science and its impact on energy, the environment, healthcare, food, and more.
Explore membership for yourself or for your organization.
Conference Spotlight
2026 Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
August 24–27, 2026
Dallas, TX|Hilton Anatole
Latest Magazine Issues
Jun 2026
Jan 2026
2026
Latest Journal Issues
Nuclear Science and Engineering
August 2026
Nuclear Technology
July 2026
Fusion Science and Technology
Latest News
Launching into tomorrow: NRIC guides new era of research and deployment
In June 2025, the Department of Energy announced the Reactor Pilot Program, an authorization pathway that allowed reactor developers to partner with the DOE to get first-of-a-kind (FOAK) reactors built and tested. Soon after, the DOE rolled out a complementary Fuel Line Pilot Program, which aimed to fast-track fuel projects. In all, 20 projects were accepted into the new programs.
Ronald J. Lipinski, John E. Gronager, Michel Schwarz
Nuclear Technology | Volume 58 | Number 3 | September 1982 | Pages 369-378
Technical Paper | Fission Reactor | doi.org/10.13182/NT82-A32972
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Received November 3, 1981 Accepted for Publication Feburary 24, 1982 The results of a fission-heated sodium-U02 particle bed heat removal experiment (D-4) are presented and the effects of cooling the overlying sodium below saturation are discussed. Single-phase convection began at a Rayleigh number an order of magnitude smaller than for water. Bed disturbances were observed to occur at the onset of boiling, but only after a previous boiling cycle. The disturbances are believed to be due to the flashing of superheated liquid sodium after noncondensable gases had been removed during a previous boiling cycle. The start of bed dryout was observed with two different overlying sodium temperatures (300 and 600°C). The dryout power was 0.77 kW/kg with 300°C overlying sodium (and 29 kPa pressure) and 3.58 kW/kg with 600°C sodium (and 43 kPa). It is believed that cold overlying sodium reduces the large heat-removal capability of shallow beds by causing vapor condensation within the bed and suppressing channel formation. Steady-state temperatures above the boiling temperature were observed at the bed bottom for several power levels above the incipient dryout power, indicating stable dry zones.