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LLNL, Ampera partner to develop thorium-based TRISO fuel
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory has formed a strategic partnership with Ampera to develop the company’s nuclear fuel concept through a project named THUNDER, for Thorium Unimodal Droplet Ejection for Reactors.
The focus of THUNDER is fabricating TRISO made with kernels of thorium rather than the usual uranium. LLNL and Ampera will evaluate and optimize liquid metal–jetting technology to produce highly uniform, spherical kernels of thorium-232 for later processing into TRISO fuel.
John R. Weeks
Nuclear Technology | Volume 28 | Number 3 | March 1976 | Pages 348-355
Technical Paper | Reactor | doi.org/10.13182/NT76-A31517
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The lnconel-600 tubing in operating pressurized water reactor (PWR) steam generators has developed leaks due to intergranular stress corrosion cracking or a general wastage attack, originating from the secondary side of the tubing. Corrosion has been limited to those areas of the steam generators where limited secondary coolant circulation and high heat flux have caused impurities to concentrate. Wastage or pitting attack has always been associated with local concentration of sodium hydrogen phosphates, whereas stress corrosion has been associated with local concentration of sodium or potassium hydroxides. The only instance of stress corrosion originating from the primary side occurred on cold-worked tubing when hydrogen was not added to getter oxygen, and LiOH was not added to raise the pH of the primary coolant. All U.S. PWR manufacturers are now recommending an all-volatile treatment of the secondary coolant, whereas many plants operated until recently using a phosphate treatment. Experience in operating plants has shown, however, that removal of phosphate-rich sludge deposits is difficult, and that further wastage and/or intergranular stress corrosion can develop; the residual sodium phosphates gradually convert by reaction with corrosion product hydroxides to sodium hydroxide, which remains concentrated in the limited flow areas. Improvements in circulation patterns have been achieved by inserting flow baffles in some PWR steam generators. Inservice monitoring by eddy current techniques, as recommended in U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Regulatory Guide 1.83, is useful for detecting corrosion-induced defects in the tubing, but irreproducibility in field examinations can lead to uncertainties in interpreting the results.