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The human factor in licensing and operating the next generation of nuclear plants
As human factors specialists working at the intersection of human performance and nuclear operations, we are witnessing one of the nuclear sector’s most significant transitions in decades. The emergence of small modular reactors, microreactors, and other advanced designs is reshaping the industry’s landscape. Digital instrumentation and controls, passive safety systems, and increased automation are creating opportunities for greater safety margins and more flexible operation. These same features also fundamentally redefine what it means to “operate” a nuclear plant. Interactions among human roles, automation, and passive systems shape how people maintain awareness, exercise judgment, and intervene when necessary. These developments affect both operational realities and the regulatory foundations on which nuclear safety is built.
W. Hummel, L. R. van Loon
Nuclear Technology | Volume 128 | Number 3 | December 1999 | Pages 372-387
Technical Paper | Radioactive Waste Management and Disposal | doi.org/10.13182/NT99-A3038
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Radiolytic degradation experiments with acidic ion-exchange resins revealed oxalate and an unidentified ligand X to be the most strongly complexing ligands of the degradation products. The influence of these ligands on the Ni speciation in groundwater and cement pore water of a repository is assessed.A complete and reliable thermodynamic database is built for this case study. Missing stability constants are estimated by chemical reasoning. Subsequent sensitivity analyses show whether these species are important or not. The backdoor approach used in this study addresses the following question: What concentrations must the ligand have to significantly influence the Ni speciation?In the case of oxalate, the concentration necessary to complex 90% Ni will never be exceeded within the repository or in its environment due to precipitation of Ca-oxalate solids. Thus, a negative effect of oxalate on Ni speciation and sorption need not be considered in safety assessments.In the case of ligand X, calculations demonstrate that Ni speciation is highly dependent on geochemical conditions and is occasionally ambiguous due to uncertainties in estimated stability constants. Hints are given to deal with these ambiguities in future safety assessments, and further experimental investigations are proposed to decrease uncertainties when necessary.