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The human factor in licensing and operating the next generation of nuclear plants
As human factors specialists working at the intersection of human performance and nuclear operations, we are witnessing one of the nuclear sector’s most significant transitions in decades. The emergence of small modular reactors, microreactors, and other advanced designs is reshaping the industry’s landscape. Digital instrumentation and controls, passive safety systems, and increased automation are creating opportunities for greater safety margins and more flexible operation. These same features also fundamentally redefine what it means to “operate” a nuclear plant. Interactions among human roles, automation, and passive systems shape how people maintain awareness, exercise judgment, and intervene when necessary. These developments affect both operational realities and the regulatory foundations on which nuclear safety is built.
Ryusuke Kobayashi, Carl H. Distenfeld, Dennis E. Ferguson
Nuclear Technology | Volume 87 | Number 2 | October 1989 | Pages 461-469
Technical Paper | TMI-2: Health Physics and Environmental Release / Nuclear Safety | doi.org/10.13182/NT89-A27738
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Forced circulation during and after the Three Mile Island Unit 2 accident distributed reactor fuel into the systems and components of the reactor building (RB) and the auxiliary/fuel handling building (AFHB). Most of the fuel remained in the reactor coolant system and the RB, with smaller amounts continuing to the AFHB systems. Efforts began in 1985 to determine the location and amounts of ex-vessel fuel debris. An overview of the fuel characterization measurements in the RB external to the reactor vessel is presented. The fuel characterization was performed using six methods: neutron assay, alpha assay, sampling, visual inspection, gamma spectrometry, and gross gamma radiation measurements. The method used for the best estimate for a particular region depended largely on the environment and often employed a combination of methods. Using these methods, the minimum and maximum amounts offuel were estimated for each ex-vessel location in the RB. Estimates indicate that between 76.2 and 215.1 kg of reactor fuel currently remain in the RB ex-vessel areas.