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The human factor in licensing and operating the next generation of nuclear plants
As human factors specialists working at the intersection of human performance and nuclear operations, we are witnessing one of the nuclear sector’s most significant transitions in decades. The emergence of small modular reactors, microreactors, and other advanced designs is reshaping the industry’s landscape. Digital instrumentation and controls, passive safety systems, and increased automation are creating opportunities for greater safety margins and more flexible operation. These same features also fundamentally redefine what it means to “operate” a nuclear plant. Interactions among human roles, automation, and passive systems shape how people maintain awareness, exercise judgment, and intervene when necessary. These developments affect both operational realities and the regulatory foundations on which nuclear safety is built.
Carl H. Distenfeld, Barry H. Brosey, Hiroo Igarashi
Nuclear Technology | Volume 87 | Number 2 | October 1989 | Pages 424-428
Technical Paper | TMI-2: Health Physics and Environmental Release / Nuclear Safety | doi.org/10.13182/NT89-A27732
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The method used to select decontamination priorities for the Three Mile Island Unit 2 (TMI-2) reactor building is systematic, but costs in personnel exposure and time must be borne. One way of minimizing exposure is to define and treat the surface sources that are important contributors to the collective dose to the cleanup personnel. Surface characteristics can then be determined and decontamination techniques developed to match the removal requirements. At TMI-2, a fast sorting technique was developed and used to prioritize surfaces for exposure reduction. A second quick sort can then be used to determine the next generation of surface characterization, decontamination method selection, and performance. The quicksort method developed is based on the Eberline HP 220A directional survey system. The angular response of the HP 220A probe approaches 2π sr and allows toward and away type measurements. Sources distributed over 4π sr are difficult to define with this system. Angular differentiation was improved to ∼π/2 sr by redesigning the probe shield. The change allows unambiguous six-direction measurements (up, down, front, rear, right, and left) with practically no angular overlap or exclusion. A simple, lightweight stand was used to establish an angular reference for the rectangular packaged probe. The six surface planes of the rectangle work with the angular reference to establish the six viewing angles.