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The human factor in licensing and operating the next generation of nuclear plants
As human factors specialists working at the intersection of human performance and nuclear operations, we are witnessing one of the nuclear sector’s most significant transitions in decades. The emergence of small modular reactors, microreactors, and other advanced designs is reshaping the industry’s landscape. Digital instrumentation and controls, passive safety systems, and increased automation are creating opportunities for greater safety margins and more flexible operation. These same features also fundamentally redefine what it means to “operate” a nuclear plant. Interactions among human roles, automation, and passive systems shape how people maintain awareness, exercise judgment, and intervene when necessary. These developments affect both operational realities and the regulatory foundations on which nuclear safety is built.
Yasushi Nomura, James L. Anderson
Nuclear Technology | Volume 87 | Number 4 | December 1989 | Pages 912-925
Technical Paper | TMI-2: Decontamination and Waste Management / Nuclear Safety | doi.org/10.13182/NT89-A27685
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The refill phenomena occurring from 200 to 217 min of the Three Mile Island Unit 2 accident were analyzed by using measurement data including the reactor coolant system (RCS) pressure and the pressurizer level. At 200 min, the high-pressure injection (HPI) system began to inject water into the RCS, resulting in a primary system depressurization due to steam condensation; and the pressurizer water drained into the reactor vessel, increasing the liquid level at the core. It is believed that the core was completely covered by water by ∼207 min, when the pressurizer level decrease and the RCS depressurization stopped. Continued HPI resulted in increasing hot-leg water levels; and the pressurizer level began to increase at ∼210 min, when water reached the level of the surgeline entrance to the hot leg. Analysis of the refill assuming uniform liquid levels in the RCS fails to predict the observed phenomena. A set of equations describing the refill phenomena and accounting for compression of noncondensable gases has been derived from theoretical considerations, and solutions for water levels throughout the RCS have been obtained to correctly predict the phenomena occurring during the refill period.