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The human factor in licensing and operating the next generation of nuclear plants
As human factors specialists working at the intersection of human performance and nuclear operations, we are witnessing one of the nuclear sector’s most significant transitions in decades. The emergence of small modular reactors, microreactors, and other advanced designs is reshaping the industry’s landscape. Digital instrumentation and controls, passive safety systems, and increased automation are creating opportunities for greater safety margins and more flexible operation. These same features also fundamentally redefine what it means to “operate” a nuclear plant. Interactions among human roles, automation, and passive systems shape how people maintain awareness, exercise judgment, and intervene when necessary. These developments affect both operational realities and the regulatory foundations on which nuclear safety is built.
David O. Campbell
Nuclear Technology | Volume 87 | Number 4 | December 1989 | Pages 803-813
Technical Paper | TMI-2: Decontamination and Waste Management / Nuclear Safety | doi.org/10.13182/NT89-A27674
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Because of the impact of poor water clarity on defueling operations at the Three Mile Island Unit 2 nuclear power station, a study was undertaken to characterize suspended particulates in the reactor coolant system water. Three defueling water samples taken at different times after varying degrees of clarification were filtered through a series of Nuclepore filters of decreasing pore sizes, and the collected solids were examined with a scanning electron microscope and analyzed by X-ray fluorescence. Limited tests were also made using polyelectrolyte and diatomaceous earth (DE) additives then under study for improving filtration properties. Samples of defueling water cleanup system (DWCS) filter media, which had been tested with similar reactor water and had quickly plugged, were also examined using several techniques. A wide variety of solids was observed on the Nuclepore filters, and analytical data confirmed the presence of at least 26 elements. These included all the major constituents from the reactor system, chemicals and zeolites used to decontaminate the water, and common impurities, as well as a few unexpected elements. There was also evidence for organic solids. Thus, a diverse assortment of particles varying in size from >10 to <0.1 µm was present. The filters collected small particles that partially blocked the pore openings. In addition, the stainless steel DWCS test filters were coated with a thin surface film that changed in nature from predominantly organic for unclarified water to siliceous after water clarity had been markedly improved by filtration using DEs.