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Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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Fusion Science and Technology
Latest News
The RAIN scale: A good intention that falls short
Radiation protection specialists agree that clear communication of radiation risks remains a vexing challenge that cannot be solved solely by finding new ways to convey technical information.
Earlier this year, an article in Nuclear News described a new radiation risk communication tool, known as the Radiation Index, or, RAIN (“Let it RAIN: A new approach to radiation communication,” NN, Jan. 2025, p. 36). The authors of the article created the RAIN scale to improve radiation risk communication to the general public who are not well-versed in important aspects of radiation exposures, including radiation dose quantities, units, and values; associated health consequences; and the benefits derived from radiation exposures.
H. R. Koslowski
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 37 | Number 2 | March 2000 | Pages 85-92
Basic Theory, Fusion Machines | doi.org/10.13182/FST00-A11963203
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The constraints for operation of a tokamak are described. The operating space is restricted by several limitations among which the plasma performance has to be optimized. Hard limits which lead to a disruption and may damage the first wall as well as soft limits resulting in a reduction of the stored energy can occur. The operational limits can be summarized in two general groups: excessive radiation from the plasma, and global as well as local violation of MHD stability.
