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WIPP: Lessons in transportation safety
As part of a future consent-based approach by the federal government to site new deep geologic repositories for nuclear waste, local communities and states that are considering hosting such facilities are sure to have many questions. Currently, the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant in New Mexico is the only example of such a repository in operation, and it offers the opportunity for state and local officials to visit and judge for themselves the risks and benefits of hosting a similar facility. But its history can also provide lessons for these officials, particularly the political process leading up to the opening of WIPP, the safety of WIPP operations and transportation of waste from generator facilities to the site, and the economic impacts the project has had on the local area of Carlsbad, as well as the rest of the state of New Mexico.
Masanori Araki, Satoshi Suzuki, Kazuyoshi Sato, Masato Akiba
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 30 | Number 3 | December 1996 | Pages 674-679
Divertor Design and Experiments | doi.org/10.13182/FST96-A11963014
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
It is a key issue to design robust divertor modules for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER). The divertor module, which consists of a cassette body with high heat flux components, has to be designed to handle not only severe particle fluxes and thermal loads from the main plasmas, but also various electromagnetic forces during the operations. In particular, the electromagnetic force induced by eddy currents during plasma disruptions is the most severe condition from engineering design point of view. Based on the ITER disruption scenarios, dynamic electromagnetic forces of the divertor module induced by the eddy currents have been analyzed. To simplify modeling, the actively cooled structure made of copper alloys was considered because of its much lower electrical resistivity compared to the other materials. In the analyses, parametric studies related to electrical connections, divertor cassette configurations and disruption scenarios, have been considered. Based on the electromagnetic force analyses, elastic stress analysis has also been performed. In particular at the vertical displacement event, analytical results show that the maximum force over 5 MN/m2 which corresponds to the elastic stress of as high as several hundreds MPa is expected in the divertor high heat flux components and that some design modifications for the mitigation of the electromagnetic force will be necessary.