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The human factor in licensing and operating the next generation of nuclear plants
As human factors specialists working at the intersection of human performance and nuclear operations, we are witnessing one of the nuclear sector’s most significant transitions in decades. The emergence of small modular reactors, microreactors, and other advanced designs is reshaping the industry’s landscape. Digital instrumentation and controls, passive safety systems, and increased automation are creating opportunities for greater safety margins and more flexible operation. These same features also fundamentally redefine what it means to “operate” a nuclear plant. Interactions among human roles, automation, and passive systems shape how people maintain awareness, exercise judgment, and intervene when necessary. These developments affect both operational realities and the regulatory foundations on which nuclear safety is built.
J. S. Eakins
Nuclear Technology | Volume 168 | Number 3 | December 2009 | Pages 894-898
Shielding | Special Issue on the 11th International Conference on Radiation Shielding and the 15th Topical Meeting of the Radiation Protection and Shielding Division (PART 3) / Radiation Protection | doi.org/10.13182/NT09-A9324
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The transmission of 0.511-MeV photons through concrete, lead, or iron is determined using MCNP4c2, by exposing 50-cm-radius cylinders of the materials to plane parallel sources. Cylinders are modeled with thicknesses up to 50 cm in 5-cm increments for concrete, 10 cm in 1-cm increments for lead, and 20 cm in 2-cm increments for iron. The resulting transmission factors span from 1 to <10-3 for concrete, to almost 10-7 for lead, and to roughly 10-5 for iron. The reliability of the method is checked by performing the calculations for selected thicknesses of material with a 0.662-MeV source and comparing the results against published data. Acceptable agreement is reported in almost all cases.