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The human factor in licensing and operating the next generation of nuclear plants
As human factors specialists working at the intersection of human performance and nuclear operations, we are witnessing one of the nuclear sector’s most significant transitions in decades. The emergence of small modular reactors, microreactors, and other advanced designs is reshaping the industry’s landscape. Digital instrumentation and controls, passive safety systems, and increased automation are creating opportunities for greater safety margins and more flexible operation. These same features also fundamentally redefine what it means to “operate” a nuclear plant. Interactions among human roles, automation, and passive systems shape how people maintain awareness, exercise judgment, and intervene when necessary. These developments affect both operational realities and the regulatory foundations on which nuclear safety is built.
Hesham Khater, Sandra Brereton, Mike Singh
Nuclear Technology | Volume 168 | Number 2 | November 2009 | Pages 381-386
Shielding | Special Issue on the 11th International Conference on Radiation Shielding and the 15th Topical Meeting of the Radiation Protection and Shielding Division (Part 2) / Radiation Protection | doi.org/10.13182/NT09-A9213
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Prompt doses from X-rays generated as result of laser beam interaction with target material are calculated at different locations inside the National Ignition Facility. The maximum dose outside a target chamber diagnostic port is [approximately]10 mSv for a shot utilizing the 192 laser beams and 1.8 MJ of laser energy. The dose during a single bundle shot (eight laser beams) drops to [approximately]0.4 mSv. Doses calculated outside the target bay (TB) doors and inside the switchyards (SYs) [except for the 5.33-m (17-ft 6-in.) floor level] range from a few microsieverts to [approximately]110 Sv for 192 beams and scale down proportionally with a smaller number of beams. At the 5.33-m (17-ft 6-in.) floor level, two diagnostic ports are directly facing two of the TB doors, and the maximum doses outside the doors are 0.5 and 0.16 mSv, respectively. Shielding each of the two TB doors with 6.35-mm-thick Pb (¼-in.) reduces the dose by a factor of 50. One or two bundle shots (8 to 16 laser beams) present a small hazard to personnel in the SYs.