Significant environmental and safety risks are associated with the handling and disposal of radioactive waste, particularly when it comes to immobilizing difficult-to-measure (DTM) radionuclides. The unique chemical and physical properties of geopolymers, inorganic polymers made from aluminosilicate minerals, have made them appear as viable options. This review explores the ability of geopolymers to immobilize DTM radionuclides, looking at their synthesis, characteristics, immobilization processes, difficulties, and potential applications in this field.

High compressive strength, thermal resilience, and chemical resistance are attributes of geopolymers that make them ideal for DTM radionuclides. They are made from materials such as aluminosilicate fly ash. These characteristics make them appropriate for the containment of radionuclides, including 129I, 99Tc, and actinides. Through chemical bonding and physical encapsulation, geopolymers encapsulate radionuclides, reducing leaching and guaranteeing environmental safety.