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LLNL, Ampera partner to develop thorium-based TRISO fuel
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory has formed a strategic partnership with Ampera to develop the company’s nuclear fuel concept through a project named THUNDER, for Thorium Unimodal Droplet Ejection for Reactors.
The focus of THUNDER is fabricating TRISO made with kernels of thorium rather than the usual uranium. LLNL and Ampera will evaluate and optimize liquid metal–jetting technology to produce highly uniform, spherical kernels of thorium-232 for later processing into TRISO fuel.
Geoffrey S. Gray, P. Madhan Kumar, Scott J. Ormiston
Nuclear Technology | Volume 211 | Number 10 | October 2025 | Pages 2372-2385
Research Article | doi.org/10.1080/00295450.2024.2365486
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Aerosol transport and deposition are important processes in modeling of accident scenarios for a small modular reactor. An aerosol drift-flux model is attractive because it is computationally less expensive than Lagrangian particle tracking. It must be determined, however, how well it performs when implemented in a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code. This work presents results of modeling aerosol transport and deposition using a full Eulerian three-dimensional drift-flux model implemented in the commercial CFD code STAR-CCM+. The forces due to gravity and thermophoresis are included in the present drift-flux model along with Brownian motion and turbulent diffusion. The forces are added as a source term to a passive scalar transport equation. In addition, a drift velocity representing the forces is used in a built-in electrochemical species transport equation. The results of these two approaches are compared. An appropriate deposition velocity is used to calculate the aerosol concentration deposited on surfaces. The semiempirical relation proposed by Lai and Nazaroff (2000) is used to compute the deposition velocity due to gravitational settling, and the present results are compared with the experimental and numerical data obtained from the work of Chen et al. (2006). It was found that the concentration profile obtained from the present drift-flux model showed reasonable agreement with the literature data. A thermophoresis model showed good agreement when compared with the analytical solution of Nazaroff and Cass (1987). In addition to the particle concentration results, this work presents details of the drift-flux model implementation and the bulk flows. These extra details will enable comparisons by others developing similar models.