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A year in orbit: ISS deployment tests radiation detectors for future space missions
The predawn darkness on a cool Florida night was shattered by the ignition of nine Merlin engines on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket. The thrust of the engines shook the ground miles away. From a distance, the rocket appeared to slowly rise above the horizon. For the cargo onboard, the launch was anything but gentle, as the ignition of liquid oxygen generated more than 1.5 million pounds of force. After the rocket had been out of sight for several minutes, the booster dramatically returned to Earth with several sonic booms in a captivating show of engineering designed to make space travel less expensive and more sustainable.
Dean Price, Leia Barrowes, James Wells, Brendan Kochunas
Nuclear Technology | Volume 211 | Number 5 | May 2025 | Pages 1014-1043
Research Article | doi.org/10.1080/00295450.2024.2369476
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The emission of antineutrinos from nuclear reactors offers a potential avenue for the international enforcement of reactor safeguards. A variety of frameworks have been proposed for detecting these particles, with the objective of verifying an agreed-upon composition of fuel in the operating reactor. More specifically, these frameworks should identify the diversion of a “significant quantity” of fissile material from an agreed upon core loading. For any quantitative analysis of these frameworks, isotope-specific fission rates of a nuclear reactor are required to calculate the reactor neutrino source. Unfortunately, the calculation of isotope-specific fission rates for a realistic core is nontrivial and can require significant simulation efforts.
Therefore, this work uses industry-standard simulation tools (CASMO-4/SIMULATE-3) to provide isotope-specific fission rates for a set of 15 plutonium diversion scenarios for a mixed-oxide-loaded pressure water reactor. These diversion scenarios span a wide range of diverted fuel amounts, from 2.17 to 655.19 kg of fissile plutonium. The isotope-specific fission rates reported in this paper can be combined with a neutrino emission model for the direct calculation of the reactor neutrino source. This work can be considered a dedicated effort toward the calculation of realistic isotope-specific reaction rates for use in the development and analysis of safeguarding frameworks. As such, these isotope-specific fission rates are provided over three cycles with realistic fuel loading and shuffling patterns. In this way, this work can act as a standard neutrino source reference for the development and comparison of safeguarding frameworks.