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The human factor in licensing and operating the next generation of nuclear plants
As human factors specialists working at the intersection of human performance and nuclear operations, we are witnessing one of the nuclear sector’s most significant transitions in decades. The emergence of small modular reactors, microreactors, and other advanced designs is reshaping the industry’s landscape. Digital instrumentation and controls, passive safety systems, and increased automation are creating opportunities for greater safety margins and more flexible operation. These same features also fundamentally redefine what it means to “operate” a nuclear plant. Interactions among human roles, automation, and passive systems shape how people maintain awareness, exercise judgment, and intervene when necessary. These developments affect both operational realities and the regulatory foundations on which nuclear safety is built.
Sheng Zhang, Xiaodong Sun
Nuclear Technology | Volume 206 | Number 11 | November 2020 | Pages 1721-1739
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.1080/00295450.2020.1749481
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Molten salts have been proposed as heat transfer media due to their superior thermal performance at elevated temperatures. A number of heat transfer correlations have been proposed in the literature for molten salts without explicitly considering the radiative heat transfer effect in the salts, which may not be negligible. This study therefore attempts to (1) quantitatively analyze the convective and radiative heat transfer of molten salts using an overall heat transfer model that includes a radiative heat transfer model developed in this research and an existing conventional convective heat transfer model/correlation, such as the Sieder-Tate or Hausen correlation, and (2) provide rationale on under what conditions it is necessary to consider the radiative heat transfer effect in salts. A parametric study was performed using the radiative heat transfer model developed to investigate the effects of various input variables, including the tube size (inner diameter 5 to 50 mm), salt temperature (500°C to 1000°C), salt and wall temperature difference (5°C to 100°C), and salt absorption coefficient (1 to 100 m-1). Our study indicates that (1) the proposed overall heat transfer model reasonably predicts the salt convective and radiative heat transfer, (2) the radiative heat transfer is more important for laminar flows than transitional and turbulent flows, (3) the radiative heat transfer is more important in tubes of larger inner diameter, (4) the salt temperature affects the radiative heat transfer significantly while the temperature difference between the salt and wall has a slightly smaller effect for the range investigated (ΔT = 5°C to 100°C), and (5) the salt absorption coefficient significantly affects the salt radiative heat transfer.