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The human factor in licensing and operating the next generation of nuclear plants
As human factors specialists working at the intersection of human performance and nuclear operations, we are witnessing one of the nuclear sector’s most significant transitions in decades. The emergence of small modular reactors, microreactors, and other advanced designs is reshaping the industry’s landscape. Digital instrumentation and controls, passive safety systems, and increased automation are creating opportunities for greater safety margins and more flexible operation. These same features also fundamentally redefine what it means to “operate” a nuclear plant. Interactions among human roles, automation, and passive systems shape how people maintain awareness, exercise judgment, and intervene when necessary. These developments affect both operational realities and the regulatory foundations on which nuclear safety is built.
Michael Epstein, Hans K. Fauske, Charles F. Askonas, Marc A. Vial, Patricia Paviet-Hartmann
Nuclear Technology | Volume 163 | Number 2 | August 2008 | Pages 285-293
Technical Paper | Reprocessing | doi.org/10.13182/NT08-A3988
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Accurate prediction of the bubble-enhanced mass transport rate of dissolved water from a layer of aqueous nitric acid ("aqueous phase") to an overlying, reactive layer of tri-n-butyl phosphate and nitric acid ("organic phase") is crucial to assessing the conditions for a runaway reaction in the organic phase. This paper presents a rational, predictive model of the concentration profile history of a dissolved species in a vertical column comprising an organic phase overlying an aqueous phase. The model incorporates both interfacial and axial dispersion limitations to species transport. Open-literature correlations on enhanced heat transfer in bubbling pools, after conversion to mass transfer correlations, provide the model's needed interfacial resistance coefficients. The model shows that in laboratory-scale systems interfacial limitations to dissolved species mass transport are controlling while in full-scale columns mass transport is axial dispersion controlled. The model is capable of rationalizing available measurements of dissolved species mass transfer between the organic and aqueous phases. A previous interpretation of the measurements is shown to be incorrect.