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The human factor in licensing and operating the next generation of nuclear plants
As human factors specialists working at the intersection of human performance and nuclear operations, we are witnessing one of the nuclear sector’s most significant transitions in decades. The emergence of small modular reactors, microreactors, and other advanced designs is reshaping the industry’s landscape. Digital instrumentation and controls, passive safety systems, and increased automation are creating opportunities for greater safety margins and more flexible operation. These same features also fundamentally redefine what it means to “operate” a nuclear plant. Interactions among human roles, automation, and passive systems shape how people maintain awareness, exercise judgment, and intervene when necessary. These developments affect both operational realities and the regulatory foundations on which nuclear safety is built.
Wasim Raza, Kwang-Yong Kim
Nuclear Technology | Volume 162 | Number 1 | April 2008 | Pages 45-52
Technical Paper | Fuel Cycle and Management | doi.org/10.13182/NT08-A3932
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
A hybrid multiobjective evolutionary approach to the design optimization of a seven-pin wire-wrapped fuel assembly is applied to achieve an acceptable compromise between two conflicting objectives: enhancement of heat transfer and reduction of pressure drop. Two nondimensional variables, the ratio of wire-spacer diameter to fuel rod diameter and the ratio of wire-wrap pitch to fuel rod diameter, are chosen as design variables. The Latin hypercube sampling method is used to determine the training points. The response surface method is used to approximate the Pareto-optimal front with Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes analysis of the flow and heat transfer. The shear stress transport turbulence model is used as turbulence closure. The optimization results are processed by the Pareto-optimal method. The Pareto-optimal solutions are obtained using a combination of the evolutionary algorithm NSGA-II and a local search method. The Pareto-optimal front for the wire-wrapped fuel assembly has been obtained. Six optimal values of the design variables have been obtained using clustering. With the increase in the wire-spacer diameter, both heat transfer and pressure drop in the assembly increase. Increasing the wire-wrap pitch reduces the pressure drop in the assembly at the cost of heat transfer.