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The human factor in licensing and operating the next generation of nuclear plants
As human factors specialists working at the intersection of human performance and nuclear operations, we are witnessing one of the nuclear sector’s most significant transitions in decades. The emergence of small modular reactors, microreactors, and other advanced designs is reshaping the industry’s landscape. Digital instrumentation and controls, passive safety systems, and increased automation are creating opportunities for greater safety margins and more flexible operation. These same features also fundamentally redefine what it means to “operate” a nuclear plant. Interactions among human roles, automation, and passive systems shape how people maintain awareness, exercise judgment, and intervene when necessary. These developments affect both operational realities and the regulatory foundations on which nuclear safety is built.
Behrooz Khorsandi, Mehdi Reisi Fard, Thomas E. Blue, Don W. Miller, Wolfgang Windl
Nuclear Technology | Volume 159 | Number 2 | August 2007 | Pages 208-220
Technical Paper | Radiation Measurements and Instrumentation | doi.org/10.13182/NT07-A3866
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Focusing on the gas turbine-modular helium reactor (GT-MHR), we have developed methods to predict the positions in a nuclear reactor where silicon carbide (SiC) semiconductor diode detectors may work functionally as neutron monitors for at least one refueling cycle. Using MCNP and TRIM, we determined the count rate due to fast neutron-induced primary knock-on atoms and tritons, and the number of displacement damage defects that are created per count and over a refueling cycle, for SiC diode detectors placed at four different radial locations in the central reflector of the GT-MHR. We found that although the total count rates for the SiC detectors placed in locations close to the fuel elements were highest (~1.2 × 106 counts/s), at those locations the detectors cannot tolerate the damage caused by fast neutrons for a reactor refueling cycle. On the contrary, for SiC detectors placed at the center of the central reflector, where the thermal neutron flux is the dominant flux component, the detectors can survive a GT-MHR refueling cycle. At this location, the total count rate for the SiC diode detectors that we have analyzed is ~1.6 × 105 counts/s.