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The human factor in licensing and operating the next generation of nuclear plants
As human factors specialists working at the intersection of human performance and nuclear operations, we are witnessing one of the nuclear sector’s most significant transitions in decades. The emergence of small modular reactors, microreactors, and other advanced designs is reshaping the industry’s landscape. Digital instrumentation and controls, passive safety systems, and increased automation are creating opportunities for greater safety margins and more flexible operation. These same features also fundamentally redefine what it means to “operate” a nuclear plant. Interactions among human roles, automation, and passive systems shape how people maintain awareness, exercise judgment, and intervene when necessary. These developments affect both operational realities and the regulatory foundations on which nuclear safety is built.
Yoshitaka Chikazawa, Atsushi Katoh, Hiroyuki Hayafune, Yoshio Shimakawa, Yoshio Kamishima
Nuclear Technology | Volume 192 | Number 2 | November 2015 | Pages 111-124
Technical Paper | Fission Reactors | doi.org/10.13182/NT14-151
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Severe external hazards on the Japan Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor (JSFR) have been analyzed and evaluated. For seismic design, safety components are confirmed to maintain their functions even against recent strong earthquakes. Integrity of the major components has been confirmed covering recent earthquake conditions. In the case of a tsunami, the seawater pumps for the component cooling water system (CCWS) could be damaged by the tsunami, since they are located at sea level. In the JSFR design with full natural convection decay heat removal systems (DHRSs) and an air-cooling emergency gas turbine, safety-grade components are independent of CCWS, and loss of CCWS does not affect reactor cooling. As a conservative case, hypothetical station blackout (SBO) has been evaluated. In the case of SBO, decay heat is removed by natural convection DHRS, but control of the air cooler (AC) damper is lost after the battery power is out. The analysis has revealed that freezing at one of three ACs could happen due to loss of automatic control of AC dampers. However, the time margin to protected loss of heat sink is evaluated to be >10 days. Manual control of the AC damper is also investigated. Transient analyses show that the AC dampers can be controlled manually adopting a simple operation procedure with sufficient operation time. Decay heat cooling in the case of collapse in all air stacks of AC has been evaluated. The result shows that decay heat could be removed maintaining air paths in two of three ACs by accident management. In conclusion, JSFR in the 2010 design version has enough external hazard toughness mainly thanks to passive safety features and a seismic isolation system.