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The human factor in licensing and operating the next generation of nuclear plants
As human factors specialists working at the intersection of human performance and nuclear operations, we are witnessing one of the nuclear sector’s most significant transitions in decades. The emergence of small modular reactors, microreactors, and other advanced designs is reshaping the industry’s landscape. Digital instrumentation and controls, passive safety systems, and increased automation are creating opportunities for greater safety margins and more flexible operation. These same features also fundamentally redefine what it means to “operate” a nuclear plant. Interactions among human roles, automation, and passive systems shape how people maintain awareness, exercise judgment, and intervene when necessary. These developments affect both operational realities and the regulatory foundations on which nuclear safety is built.
Yao Xiao, Lin-Wen Hu, Charles Forsberg, Suizheng Qiu, Guanghui Su, Kun Chen, Naxiu Wang
Nuclear Technology | Volume 187 | Number 3 | September 2014 | Pages 221-234
Technical Paper | Fission Reactors | doi.org/10.13182/NT13-93
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The fluoride salt–cooled high-temperature reactor (FHR) is an advanced reactor concept, which uses high-temperature TRISO fuel with a low-pressure liquid salt coolant. The design of a fluoride salt–cooled high-temperature test reactor (FHTR) is a key step in the development of the FHR technology and is currently in progress in both China and the United States. An FHTR based on a pebble bed core design with coolant temperature 600°C to 700°C is being planned for construction by the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Thorium Molten Salt Reactor Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics (SINAP). This paper provides a preliminary thermal-hydraulic licensing analysis of an FHTR using SINAP’s pebble core design as a reference case. The operation limits based on criteria outlined in U.S. regulatory guidelines are evaluated. Limiting safety system settings (LSSSs) considering uncertainties for forced convection and natural convection are obtained. The LSSS power and coolant outlet temperature, respectively, are 24.83 MW and 720°C for forced convection and 1.19 MW and 720°C for natural convection. The maximum temperature for the structural materials of 730°C is the most limiting constraint of the FHTR design.