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Swiss nuclear power and the case for long-term operation
Designed for 40 years but built to last far longer, Switzerland’s nuclear power plants have all entered long-term operation. Yet age alone says little about safety or performance. Through continuous upgrades, strict regulatory oversight, and extensive aging management, the country’s reactors are being prepared for decades of continued operation, in line with international practice.
Iain M. Shepherd, Yannis Drossinos, Christopher G. Benson
Nuclear Technology | Volume 110 | Number 2 | May 1995 | Pages 181-197
Technical Paper | Nuclear Reactor Safety | doi.org/10.13182/NT95-A35117
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
An extensive database of aerosol experiments exists and has been used for checking aerosol transport codes. Data for fission product vapor transport are harder to find. Some qualitative data are available, but the Falcon thermal gradient tube tests carried out at AEA Technology’s laboratories in Winfrith, England, mark the first serious attempt to provide a set of experiments suitable for the validation of codes that predict the transport and condensation of realistic mixtures of fission product vapors. Four of these have been analyzed to check how well the computer code VICTORIA can predict the most important phenomena. Of the four experiments studied, two are reference cases (FAL-17 and FAL-19), one is a case without boric acid (FAL-18), and the other is run in a reducing atmosphere (FAL-20). The results show that once the vapors condense onto aerosols, VICTORIA can predict their deposition rather well. The dominant mechanism is thermophoresis, and each element deposits with more or less the same deposition velocity. VICTORIA assumes that the physical properties of the aerosol are independent of its composition and that each particle has the same composition. This assumption is justified for these experiments.