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Swiss nuclear power and the case for long-term operation
Designed for 40 years but built to last far longer, Switzerland’s nuclear power plants have all entered long-term operation. Yet age alone says little about safety or performance. Through continuous upgrades, strict regulatory oversight, and extensive aging management, the country’s reactors are being prepared for decades of continued operation, in line with international practice.
Dirk Gombert II
Nuclear Technology | Volume 108 | Number 1 | October 1994 | Pages 90-99
Technical Paper | Radioactive Waste Management | doi.org/10.13182/NT94-A35045
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A soil sample from the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory was physically and chemically characterized, then sequentially extracted to determine if soil washing could be effectively used to remove cesium, cobalt, and chromium. The contaminant distribution did not correlate with surface area or any particular crystalline phase. However, the transition metals did appear to be coincident with the matrix transition metals, iron and manganese. This finding was verified by sequential-extraction data, which showed that most of the cobalt and chromium was extracted by destroying the soil hydrated metal-oxide phases. Unfortunately, <20% of the cesium was extractable even after dissolving >20% of the soil mass. The low recovery of cesium, the primary risk-driver, eliminated extractive soil washing from further consideration for this site.