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The human factor in licensing and operating the next generation of nuclear plants
As human factors specialists working at the intersection of human performance and nuclear operations, we are witnessing one of the nuclear sector’s most significant transitions in decades. The emergence of small modular reactors, microreactors, and other advanced designs is reshaping the industry’s landscape. Digital instrumentation and controls, passive safety systems, and increased automation are creating opportunities for greater safety margins and more flexible operation. These same features also fundamentally redefine what it means to “operate” a nuclear plant. Interactions among human roles, automation, and passive systems shape how people maintain awareness, exercise judgment, and intervene when necessary. These developments affect both operational realities and the regulatory foundations on which nuclear safety is built.
Dale B. Lancaster, Robert L. Marsh, Daniel B. Bullen, Holger Pfeifer, C. Steve Erwin, Alan E. Levin+
Nuclear Technology | Volume 97 | Number 1 | January 1992 | Pages 16-26
Technical Paper | Fission Reactor | doi.org/10.13182/NT92-A34622
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Uranium metal alloys were previously suggested for use in advanced pressurized water reactors; a method is proposed to select an appropriate fuel rod diameter for a uranium alloy—fueled reactor. The method attempts to isolate effects caused only by the change in pin diameter; therefore, the thermal margin is maintained by holding a constant departure from nucleate boiling ratio for designs. Neutronic optimization is also maintained by holding the hydrogento-uranium ratio constant. Operational aspects are conserved by assuming the same cycle length. Burnup uncertainty is removed by using the same discharge burnup. These assumptions allow a rapid determination of an appropriate fuel pin diameter. The procedure considers all cost changes expected, including pump power and capital cost, vessel and containment size changes, and fuel cycle cost changes. The analysis shows that under these constraints, a 10% Zirconium alloy fuel should have a pin diameter similar to but smaller than that of oxide fuel with a similar pitch. The costs appear to be about the same as for oxide-fueled cores. Large advantages, however, may be possible in safety or burnup.