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The human factor in licensing and operating the next generation of nuclear plants
As human factors specialists working at the intersection of human performance and nuclear operations, we are witnessing one of the nuclear sector’s most significant transitions in decades. The emergence of small modular reactors, microreactors, and other advanced designs is reshaping the industry’s landscape. Digital instrumentation and controls, passive safety systems, and increased automation are creating opportunities for greater safety margins and more flexible operation. These same features also fundamentally redefine what it means to “operate” a nuclear plant. Interactions among human roles, automation, and passive systems shape how people maintain awareness, exercise judgment, and intervene when necessary. These developments affect both operational realities and the regulatory foundations on which nuclear safety is built.
Kwang J. Jeong, Joon Lim, Il S. Hwang, Hee D. Kim, Martin M. Pilch, Tze Y. Chu
Nuclear Technology | Volume 143 | Number 3 | September 2003 | Pages 347-357
Technical Paper | Materials for Nuclear Systems | doi.org/10.13182/NT03-A3422
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
High-temperature creep tests were performed with an SA533B1 low-alloy steel under both constant load and constant stress conditions. Using the measured minimum creep strain rates as a function of stress and temperature, least-square fittings were made into a Bailey-Norton-type power law equation. Based on the constant stress test results, a constitutive equation was developed for steady-state creep. The constitutive equation was then implemented in elastic-viscoplastic analysis of the lower head of a pressurized water reactor's reactor pressure vessel using a commercial FEM code named ABAQUS 5.8. The FEM model was validated using measured data from the lower head failure experiment conducted at the Sandia National Laboratories. The FEM model using the creep constitutive equation was shown to be capable of accurately predicting the lower head deformation behavior. Additional work, however, is needed to rationalize apparent inconsistency between the constant load data and constant stress data.