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The human factor in licensing and operating the next generation of nuclear plants
As human factors specialists working at the intersection of human performance and nuclear operations, we are witnessing one of the nuclear sector’s most significant transitions in decades. The emergence of small modular reactors, microreactors, and other advanced designs is reshaping the industry’s landscape. Digital instrumentation and controls, passive safety systems, and increased automation are creating opportunities for greater safety margins and more flexible operation. These same features also fundamentally redefine what it means to “operate” a nuclear plant. Interactions among human roles, automation, and passive systems shape how people maintain awareness, exercise judgment, and intervene when necessary. These developments affect both operational realities and the regulatory foundations on which nuclear safety is built.
Kresna Atkhen, Georges Berthoud
Nuclear Technology | Volume 142 | Number 3 | June 2003 | Pages 270-282
Technical Paper | Thermal Hydraulics | doi.org/10.13182/NT03-A3389
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Within the framework of severe reactor accident studies, we present experimental and numerical parametric studies on debris bed coolability. Data are provided by the SILFIDE multidimensional experimental facility at Electricité de France. The bed is composed of inductively heated steel sphere beads (diameters ranging from 2 to 7.18 mm) contained in a 50- × 60- × 10-cm vessel. Numerical computations are obtained with MC3D REPO developed by Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique.Because of heterogeneous power distribution within the bed, two definitions (mean and local) for the critical heat flux (CHF) are proposed. Even in the first case, the CHF was higher than the Lipinsky one-dimensional flux. As the power is being increased, temperature plateaus above saturation temperature are observed. An analysis is proposed, based on possible different hydrodynamic flow configurations occurring in postdryout regimes. In some experiments, some spheres were superficially molten and stacked together, but globally, the bed was still coolable.The influence of operational parameters such as bottom coolant injection, height of the water, fluidization of upper particles, and subcooled liquid injection on dryout phenomena and CHF values are also described.The MC3D-REPO calculations assuming a thermal equilibrium between the three phases gives results in accordance with experimental data.