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Swiss nuclear power and the case for long-term operation
Designed for 40 years but built to last far longer, Switzerland’s nuclear power plants have all entered long-term operation. Yet age alone says little about safety or performance. Through continuous upgrades, strict regulatory oversight, and extensive aging management, the country’s reactors are being prepared for decades of continued operation, in line with international practice.
Masami Shindo, Tatsuo Kondo
Nuclear Technology | Volume 66 | Number 2 | August 1984 | Pages 429-438
D.Gas/Metal Reaction | Status of Metallic Materials Development for Application in Advanced High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor / Material | doi.org/10.13182/NT84-A33445
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
A sequential analysis was made on the material degradations during exposure of nickel-base corrosion-resistant austenitic alloys to simulated very high temperature reactor environments. The materials tested were two modified versions of Hastelloy-X in terms of both increased manganese content for improved compatibility and decreased manganese content for possible adverse effects. Quantitative analysis of the specimens after exposure for 1000 h at several temperature steps from 850 to 1050°C have revealed the temperature-dependent aspects of the processes including the depletion of chromium and manganese due to oxidation, evaporation, and carbon transfer into and/or from the materials. The material with enriched manganese, developed and specified as Hastelloy-XR, showed enhanced resistance to loss of chromium in terms of both oxidation and evaporation.