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The human factor in licensing and operating the next generation of nuclear plants
As human factors specialists working at the intersection of human performance and nuclear operations, we are witnessing one of the nuclear sector’s most significant transitions in decades. The emergence of small modular reactors, microreactors, and other advanced designs is reshaping the industry’s landscape. Digital instrumentation and controls, passive safety systems, and increased automation are creating opportunities for greater safety margins and more flexible operation. These same features also fundamentally redefine what it means to “operate” a nuclear plant. Interactions among human roles, automation, and passive systems shape how people maintain awareness, exercise judgment, and intervene when necessary. These developments affect both operational realities and the regulatory foundations on which nuclear safety is built.
Greg J. Evans, Tutun Nugraha
Nuclear Technology | Volume 140 | Number 3 | December 2002 | Pages 315-327
Technical Paper | Radioisotopes | doi.org/10.13182/NT02-A3342
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
In this study, deposition of I2(g) on stainless steel tubing was investigated. The purpose was to quantify the rate of iodine deposition and desorption, as well as to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. The parameters included I2 gas phase concentration (10-7 to 10-11 M), relative humidity (<25 to 100%), tube surface temperature (23 to 90°C), and steel type (SS-304L and SS-316L). Gaseous I2 was found to deposit through both physical and chemical adsorption with deposition velocities ranging from 5 × 10-3 to 1.0 cm/s. At concentrations below 10-9 M, I2 rapidly deposited and was easily desorbed, consistent with physical adsorption. At concentrations above 10-9 M and low relative humidity (<25%), both adsorption and desorption were slow, consistent with a slow chemisorption process. At high relative humidity (>75%), rapid chemisorption with pitting corrosion occurred. Under some conditions, adsorption became inhibited resulting in an apparent maximum surface loading. At high iodine concentration, high relative humidity, and tube temperatures of 40 or 60°C, no such inhibition occurred, resulting in rapid and continuous iodine adsorption.