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LLNL, Ampera partner to develop thorium-based TRISO fuel
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory has formed a strategic partnership with Ampera to develop the company’s nuclear fuel concept through a project named THUNDER, for Thorium Unimodal Droplet Ejection for Reactors.
The focus of THUNDER is fabricating TRISO made with kernels of thorium rather than the usual uranium. LLNL and Ampera will evaluate and optimize liquid metal–jetting technology to produce highly uniform, spherical kernels of thorium-232 for later processing into TRISO fuel.
Greg J. Evans, Tutun Nugraha
Nuclear Technology | Volume 140 | Number 3 | December 2002 | Pages 315-327
Technical Paper | Radioisotopes | doi.org/10.13182/NT02-A3342
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
In this study, deposition of I2(g) on stainless steel tubing was investigated. The purpose was to quantify the rate of iodine deposition and desorption, as well as to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. The parameters included I2 gas phase concentration (10-7 to 10-11 M), relative humidity (<25 to 100%), tube surface temperature (23 to 90°C), and steel type (SS-304L and SS-316L). Gaseous I2 was found to deposit through both physical and chemical adsorption with deposition velocities ranging from 5 × 10-3 to 1.0 cm/s. At concentrations below 10-9 M, I2 rapidly deposited and was easily desorbed, consistent with physical adsorption. At concentrations above 10-9 M and low relative humidity (<25%), both adsorption and desorption were slow, consistent with a slow chemisorption process. At high relative humidity (>75%), rapid chemisorption with pitting corrosion occurred. Under some conditions, adsorption became inhibited resulting in an apparent maximum surface loading. At high iodine concentration, high relative humidity, and tube temperatures of 40 or 60°C, no such inhibition occurred, resulting in rapid and continuous iodine adsorption.