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Swiss nuclear power and the case for long-term operation
Designed for 40 years but built to last far longer, Switzerland’s nuclear power plants have all entered long-term operation. Yet age alone says little about safety or performance. Through continuous upgrades, strict regulatory oversight, and extensive aging management, the country’s reactors are being prepared for decades of continued operation, in line with international practice.
David A. Mandell
Nuclear Technology | Volume 52 | Number 3 | March 1981 | Pages 383-392
Technical Paper | Fission Reactor | doi.org/10.13182/NT81-A32712
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
To calculate the radiative heat transfer between fuel bundle surfaces and from the surfaces to the vapor and droplets in a boiling water reactor, it is necessary to calculate the geometrical fuel factors. These view factors, which are the fraction of energy leaving one surface that reaches a second surface when no fluid exists, must be calculated for every pair of fuel rods, from every rod to every channel segment, and from one channel segment to a second channel segment. The crossed-string method was used to obtain algebraic equations for the view factors between rods of the same diameter, from rods-to-channel segments, and from one channel segment to a second channel segment. These equations can be easily incorporated into computer codes. Conservation of energy was used to verify the view factor equations.