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The human factor in licensing and operating the next generation of nuclear plants
As human factors specialists working at the intersection of human performance and nuclear operations, we are witnessing one of the nuclear sector’s most significant transitions in decades. The emergence of small modular reactors, microreactors, and other advanced designs is reshaping the industry’s landscape. Digital instrumentation and controls, passive safety systems, and increased automation are creating opportunities for greater safety margins and more flexible operation. These same features also fundamentally redefine what it means to “operate” a nuclear plant. Interactions among human roles, automation, and passive systems shape how people maintain awareness, exercise judgment, and intervene when necessary. These developments affect both operational realities and the regulatory foundations on which nuclear safety is built.
Charles D. Bowman
Nuclear Technology | Volume 132 | Number 1 | October 2000 | Pages 66-93
Technical Paper | Accelerator Applications | doi.org/10.13182/NT00-1
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
An accelerator-driven thermal-spectrum liquid-fueled system is described for transmutation of spent fuel from commercial power reactors. The primary purpose of the system is to destroy the weapons-useful plutonium and neptunium in commercial spent fuel and thereby eliminate international concerns about the recovery of such material from geologic repositories for nuclear weapons purposes. The system also extracts ~80% of the fission energy available in the plutonium, and this energy is converted into electricity and sold into the commercial grid to pay nearly all of the capital and operating costs. The 20% of the material not destroyed is converted to an isotopic composition of no interest from a weapons perspective. These functions are accomplished without recycling or separation of a stream of pure plutonium. With technological development enabling widespread deployment in the 2015 to 2025 time frame, the world's inventory of nuclear weapons useful material could be reduced by a factor of 100 or more by the middle of the next century. This system does not eliminate the need for geologic storage of the remnant waste since the 20% remnant must be stored somewhere for tens of thousands of years, but it eliminates the possibility of mining geologic repositories for weapons material, it enables the recovery of nearly all of the energy carried by the plutonium, it reduces the amount of actinides that must be permanently stored by a factor of 5, and it enhances the repository's performance by reducing the load of long-lived radioactive actinide. Furthermore, since weapons material is eliminated, it transforms the ultimate disposition of the spent-fuel waste remnant from a subject of profound international concern to one in which nations need have little interest in how others solve this problem. Most of the concerns about the waste legacy from continued light water reactor deployment would be made moot by the advent of this waste destruction technology.