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Swiss nuclear power and the case for long-term operation
Designed for 40 years but built to last far longer, Switzerland’s nuclear power plants have all entered long-term operation. Yet age alone says little about safety or performance. Through continuous upgrades, strict regulatory oversight, and extensive aging management, the country’s reactors are being prepared for decades of continued operation, in line with international practice.
P. A. Haas
Nuclear Technology | Volume 10 | Number 3 | March 1971 | Pages 283-292
Technical Paper | Fuel | doi.org/10.13182/NT71-A30960
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The preparation of sol-gel spheres by extraction of water into organic alcohols is simpler for nonfluidizing conditions as compared to fluidized-bed operation. However, the maximum sphere diameter that can be produced is typically 200 microns (μ) or less. The column heights required were calculated from mass transfer and settling correlations. Sol drops with mean diameters of 20 to 300 μ were formed by using two-fluid nozzles with turbulent flow of alcohol drive fluid in the nozzle. Water is removed from the alcohols by distillation, and surfactants may be added to control operating problems.