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Swiss nuclear power and the case for long-term operation
Designed for 40 years but built to last far longer, Switzerland’s nuclear power plants have all entered long-term operation. Yet age alone says little about safety or performance. Through continuous upgrades, strict regulatory oversight, and extensive aging management, the country’s reactors are being prepared for decades of continued operation, in line with international practice.
J. P. Moore, R. S. Graves, D. L. McElroy
Nuclear Technology | Volume 22 | Number 1 | April 1974 | Pages 88-93
Technical Paper | Fusion Reactor Materials / Material | doi.org/10.13182/NT74-A16277
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The thermal conductivity λ, electrical resistivity ρ, and absolute Seebeck coefficient S of two grades of nearly isotropic graphite were measured from 300 to 1000°K both before and after neutron irradiation up to 5.0 × 1021 n/cm2 (>50 keV). Nominal irradiation temperatures were 823, 923, and 1023°K. The thermal resistance, λ−1, of the unirradiated graphites was proportional to T from 500 to 1000°K. Neutron irradiation decreased λ at 300°K by a factor of 4.5 and increased ρ at 300°K by 2.5, in general agreement with previous investigations, and irradiation changed S from small negative values to large positive ones. The product of thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity was nearly constant with fluence from 2.6 × 1021 to 5.0 × 1021 n/cm2.