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Conference Spotlight
Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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The RAIN scale: A good intention that falls short
Radiation protection specialists agree that clear communication of radiation risks remains a vexing challenge that cannot be solved solely by finding new ways to convey technical information.
Earlier this year, an article in Nuclear News described a new radiation risk communication tool, known as the Radiation Index, or, RAIN (“Let it RAIN: A new approach to radiation communication,” NN, Jan. 2025, p. 36). The authors of the article created the RAIN scale to improve radiation risk communication to the general public who are not well-versed in important aspects of radiation exposures, including radiation dose quantities, units, and values; associated health consequences; and the benefits derived from radiation exposures.
Janos Fazekas, Mirko Mamuzic
Nuclear Technology | Volume 38 | Number 1 | April 1978 | Pages 75-82
Technical Paper | Low-Temperature Nuclear Heat / Reactor | doi.org/10.13182/NT78-A16158
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
A nuclear power station is planned to be built and operated for many years before a district heating system for the nearby city of Basle will have grown sufficiently large to be connected to the station. The design changes on the plant that will allow a retrofit for heat generation and that will not jeopardize the plant construction and operation as a purely electrical power plant until that time have been identified. Turbine extraction, layout, and piping routing are practically the only characteristics that need to be changed at the time of construction. As compared with the total plant costs, only a small additional investment is needed for these changes. Further investments will have to be made in the future when the actual heating station is added to the plant. Estimated heat generation costs justify the decision to carry out the design changes needed now to assure the feasibility of a simple future retrofit.