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In transition: Commercializing fusion power
Commercial fusion power is closer than ever. There are now around 30 U.S. fusion companies, several of which claim to be on track to connect to the grid as early as the 2030s.
Tokamak and laser inertial confinement approaches benefit from decades of research at facilities such as the National Ignition Facility (NIF) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and ITER, with alternative concepts including stellarator, magnetic mirror, and Z-pinch confinement also making notable progress as private and government funding for fusion increases.
H. Kämpf, G. Karsten
Nuclear Technology | Volume 9 | Number 3 | September 1970 | Pages 288-300
Fuel Element Performance Model | Symposium on Theoretical Models for Predicting In-Reactor Performance of Fuel and Cladding Material | doi.org/10.13182/NT70-A28783
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The thermal effects of different types of void volumes within a fuel pin, such as porosity, central void, and the gas gap between fuel and clad are examined. A new general relation for the dependence of thermal conductivity on the closed porosity is deduced. For given gas contents and specific ranges of pore temperatures and sizes, a simple approximate equation is set up, which is in good agreement with experimentally obtained results. A central void is very effective in reducing the maximum temperature; and its use implies a considerable increase in linear pin power. In-pile migration of the porosity in the hotter regions of oxide fuel pins forms or increases the central void and densifies the hotter region. This effect is calculated in a two-zone porosity model. For a uniform gap between fuel and clad, the temperature drop is calculated as a function of gap width, linear pin power, inner temperature of clad, inside radius of clad, emissivities of surfaces, and types of gas within the gap, such as noble gases and mixtures of He with gaseous fission products.