ANS is committed to advancing, fostering, and promoting the development and application of nuclear sciences and technologies to benefit society.
Explore the many uses for nuclear science and its impact on energy, the environment, healthcare, food, and more.
Explore membership for yourself or for your organization.
Conference Spotlight
2026 Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
August 24–27, 2026
Dallas, TX|Hilton Anatole
Latest Magazine Issues
Aug 2026
Jan 2026
2026
Latest Journal Issues
Nuclear Science and Engineering
October 2026
Nuclear Technology
September 2026
Fusion Science and Technology
August 2026
Latest News
Front-end nuclear fuel supply cooperation: Turning allied interdependence into strategic advantage
The global nuclear revival, which is fueled by unprecedented demand for firm, affordable, dispatchable power for artificial intelligence and data center build-out, energy security imperatives, and climate commitments, has exposed a structural reality of the Western fuel cycle: No single allied nation currently possesses the full suite of front-end capabilities. From mining through conversion, enrichment, fabrication, and the emerging deconversion and metallization steps required for reactor fuels, capability is distributed across Canada, France, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States (collectively, the “Sapporo Five”), as well as a small group of close partners.
A. Gandini
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 67 | Number 3 | September 1978 | Pages 347-355
Technical Note | doi.org/10.13182/NSE78-5
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
A critical study of higher order perturbation methods for reactor analysis is made. These methods are classified as explicit, semi-implicit, and implicit, according to their ability to allow perturbative expressions to any order of approximation explicitly in terms of the perturbation. This latter condition is desirable in analytical studies or optimization searches for reactor systems. Emphasis is placed on the problem of real flux normalization. Practical first- and second-order explicit formulations are finally given relevant to perturbations of the flux density. A typical example is described that indicates the potentiality of the so-called “standard method.”