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Front-end nuclear fuel supply cooperation: Turning allied interdependence into strategic advantage
The global nuclear revival, which is fueled by unprecedented demand for firm, affordable, dispatchable power for artificial intelligence and data center build-out, energy security imperatives, and climate commitments, has exposed a structural reality of the Western fuel cycle: No single allied nation currently possesses the full suite of front-end capabilities. From mining through conversion, enrichment, fabrication, and the emerging deconversion and metallization steps required for reactor fuels, capability is distributed across Canada, France, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States (collectively, the “Sapporo Five”), as well as a small group of close partners.
Koichi Hata, Masahiro Shiotsu, Nobuaki Noda
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 154 | Number 1 | September 2006 | Pages 94-109
Technical Note | doi.org/10.13182/NSE06-A2620
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The critical heat flux (CHF) of subcooled water flow boiling for a high length/diameter (L/d) region is systematically measured for the flow velocities (u = 6.93 to 13.32 m/s), the outlet subcoolings (Tsub,out = 12.5 to 113 K), the inlet subcoolings (Tsub,in = 45 to 148.7 K), the outlet pressure (Pout = 773.50 to 861.12 kPa), and the inlet pressure (Pin = 796.16 to 920.07 kPa). Type 304 stainless steel tubes of inner diameter (d = 2 mm) and heated lengths (L = 21.5, 79.45, and 149.7 mm) with L/d = 10.75, 39.73, and 74.85 are used. The CHF correlation against outlet subcooling including the effect of L/d already presented by the authors describes the CHF obtained in this work within a 15% difference. However, the correlation against inlet subcooling also presented by the authors in the same papers needs a small modification to describe the CHF obtained in this work for a high L/d range. The modified correlation describes not only the experimental data for L/d up to 75 on the 2-mm tube but also the CHF for the same range of L/d on larger diameter tubes predicted by the correlation against outlet subcooling within a 15% difference.