ANS is committed to advancing, fostering, and promoting the development and application of nuclear sciences and technologies to benefit society.
Explore the many uses for nuclear science and its impact on energy, the environment, healthcare, food, and more.
Explore membership for yourself or for your organization.
Conference Spotlight
2026 Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
August 24–27, 2026
Dallas, TX|Hilton Anatole
Latest Magazine Issues
Aug 2026
Jan 2026
2026
Latest Journal Issues
Nuclear Science and Engineering
October 2026
Nuclear Technology
September 2026
Fusion Science and Technology
August 2026
Latest News
Front-end nuclear fuel supply cooperation: Turning allied interdependence into strategic advantage
The global nuclear revival, which is fueled by unprecedented demand for firm, affordable, dispatchable power for artificial intelligence and data center build-out, energy security imperatives, and climate commitments, has exposed a structural reality of the Western fuel cycle: No single allied nation currently possesses the full suite of front-end capabilities. From mining through conversion, enrichment, fabrication, and the emerging deconversion and metallization steps required for reactor fuels, capability is distributed across Canada, France, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States (collectively, the “Sapporo Five”), as well as a small group of close partners.
C. J. Orth
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 9 | Number 4 | April 1961 | Pages 417-420
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/NSE61-A25905
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Measurements were made of the diffusion losses of lanthanide and actinide elements from graphite at temperatures from 1600 to 2600°C. In the lanthanide series, a close correlation was observed between the diffusion rates from graphite and the boiling points of the metals. Where boiling point measurements permit comparison, a similar correlation was also noted for the actinides. The most volatile of these elements are the ones for which lower oxidation states can be attained chemically [Sm(II), Eu(II), Yb(II), and possibly Am(II)]. Conversely, those elements which exhibit oxidation states higher than (III) show high-temperature stability in graphite. Although the diffusion loss of uranium is not negligible above 2100°C, no loss was detected from a small graphite pin heated for four hours at 2050°C; under the same conditions, about 50% of the plutonium was lost. The possible significance of these measurements to high-temperature reactor design is discussed briefly.